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In music for bowed string instruments, col legno, or more precisely col legno battuto ((:kɔl ˈleɲɲo batˈtuːto), Italian for "hit with the wood"), is an instruction to strike the string with the stick of the bow, rather than by drawing the hair of the bow across the strings. The earliest known use of ''col legno'' in Western music is to be found in a piece entitled "Harke, harke," from the ''First Part of Ayres'' by Tobias Hume, where he instructs the gambist to "drum this with the backe of your bow". 〔Peter Walls, "Bow" II. Bowing, ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001): §2, xi.〕 A later example can be found in the final movement of the Piano Concerto No. 2 by Frédéric Chopin. This predates its more famous use in the "Dream of Witches' Sabbath" in the final movement of Berlioz's ''Symphonie Fantastique'', as used in the score of the film Alien by Jerry Goldsmith. It is also prescribed in "Mars, the Bringer of War" from Holst's ''The Planets'', the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 2, and Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain. Another example is found in Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7 where the violins have a counter melody with the winds. Another excellent example is the Mexican dance in Aaron Copland's ''Billy the Kid'', where the ''col legno'' provides a joyful dance feeling to the music. The percussive sound of ''col legno battuto'' has a clear pitch element determined by the distance of the bow from the bridge at the point of contact. As a group of players will never strike the string in exactly the same place, the sound of a section of violins playing ''col legno battuto'' is dramatically different from the sound of a single violin doing so. The wood of the bow can also be drawn across the string — a technique called ''col legno tratto'' ("drawn with the wood"). This is much less common, and the plain marking ''col legno'' is invariably interpreted to mean ''battuto'' rather than ''tratto''. The sound produced by ''col legno tratto'' is very quiet, with an overlay of white noise, but the pitch of the stopped note can be clearly heard. If the sound is too quiet, the bow can be slightly rolled so that a few bow hairs touch the string as well, leading to a slightly less "airy" sound. ''Col legno tratto'' is used in the first and the third movements of Webern's ''Four Pieces for violin and piano'', as well as in the opening of the second scene of Berg's opera ''Wozzeck''. Some string players object to ''col legno'' playing as it can damage the bow; many players have a cheaper bow which they use for ''col legno'' passages, or for pieces which require extended passages of ''col legno''.〔Blatter, A.: "Instrumentation and Orchestration", page 37. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 1997〕 Some players tap the strings with pencils instead of bows, producing a further percussive, lighter sound. ==References== da:Col legno 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「col legno」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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